# Sources: - [[Sacrae Theologiae Summa]] (IVB), treatise VI). - [[Summa theologiae]], Supplementum, q. 69-99. - [[Summa Contra Gentiles]], III.c25-63. - Paluk, *Eschatology*, class notes Spring 2025. # Introduction: --- ## Notion of *Eschatology* / *De Novissimis* / God the Consummator: All terms to describe *the last things* as an area of study. - Considers the following truths: - a) *The end of man*, namely, *death* and the *particular judgment*, two realities that are common to all men; *glory, hell, purgatory*, and these three are different for each person depending on the difference of merits or demerits at the moment of death. - b) *The end of the world*, by which are concluded both *the end of the human race*, that is, the resurrection of the dead, the *general judgment*, and *the end of the material world*, that is, its destruction by fire and its renewal. ## History of terms (Paluk): - From *Sir* 7:38/40: "In all thy works remember *thy last end* (*novissima tua*), and thou shalt never sin." - *De Novissimis*: modern term (used by *STS*, Billot, others). - *Reformed "theology":* *De glorificatione*. - *Eschatology*: "eschatos" (last) + "logos" (word, account, discourse). - Term first used by Lutheran Abraham Calovius (+1686). Popularized by [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] (+1834). - Other terms: - *[[Hugh of St. Victor]]*: *De fine saeculi*. - *[[Aquinas]]*: *De iis quae ad futuram resurrectionem spectant* and *resurrection.* - [[Bonaventure]]: *De statu finalis iudiciis.* ## Placement in theological studies - Placed *at the end* of theological studies so that God may finally be proposed *as perfecting man for his merits by the eternal glory of soul and body.* - [[Aquinas]] places it *after the treatise on the sacraments*: “after speaking of the sacraments whereby man is delivered from the death of sin, we must next speak of the resurrection whereby man is delivered from the death of punishment” (Suppl. q. 69 at the beginning). # On Death: --- ## Notion of death: - The first of the last things. - Death is *per se* a consequence of human nature, which is certain from the *preternaturality* of the gift of immortality which Adam possessed. - Death is not an *end*, but a *limit* (*peras*) or *destruction* of a nature ([[Aristotle]], Barker commentary on. See[[ Aristotle]], *On Youth, Old Age...*). - Death is a *punishment for sin.* # On the Particular Judgement: --- # On Beatitude: --- # On Hell: --- ## Time in Hell: *ST* I.10.3 resp. *et* ad 2 - True eternity does not exist, but rather *time* - viz. Job 24:19: *To extreme heat they will pass from snowy waters.* - Change in the pains of the lost. - cf. Heaven: the blessed share in eternity and there is no time. # On Purgatory: --- # On the Second Coming of Christ: --- # On the Resurrection of the Flesh: --- # On the General Judgement: --- # On Millenarianism --- # On the End of the Material World: ---